C++ Fundamentals

Master C++ from basics to advanced concepts with 110 topics across 13 chapters

⚡ Complete C++ Learning Path

This comprehensive curriculum covers everything you need to become a C++ expert. Click on any chapter to explore topics, or use the sidebar to navigate directly to specific concepts.

Code Examples

Modern C++

STL & Templates

Interview Tips

Introduction to C++

6 topics

What is C++?

Understanding C++ as a programming language

Setting Up C++ Environment

Installing compilers and IDEs for C++ development

Your First C++ Program

Writing and running your first C++ application

Compilation Process

Understanding preprocessing, compilation, and linking

C++ vs C

Key differences between C and C++

C++ Standards (C++11 to C++23)

Evolution of C++ language standards

Basic Syntax

8 topics

Variables and Data Types

Fundamental data types and variable declarations

Operators

Arithmetic, logical, and bitwise operators

Input and Output

Using cin, cout, and stream manipulators

Type Casting

Implicit and explicit type conversions

Constants and Literals

const, constexpr, and literal types

References

Reference variables and their usage

Auto Keyword

Type inference with auto

Namespaces

Organizing code with namespaces

Control Flow

6 topics

If-Else Statements

Conditional branching in C++

Switch-Case

Multi-way branching with switch

For Loops

Traditional and range-based for loops

While and Do-While Loops

Condition-based iteration

Break and Continue

Loop control statements

Goto Statement

Unconditional jump (and why to avoid it)

Functions

10 topics

Function Basics

Defining and calling functions

Function Parameters

Pass by value, reference, and pointer

Return Types

Function return values and void functions

Function Overloading

Multiple functions with same name

Default Arguments

Parameters with default values

Inline Functions

Performance optimization with inline

Recursion

Functions calling themselves

Lambda Expressions

Anonymous functions in C++11+

Function Pointers

Pointers to functions

std::function

Type-erased function wrapper

Arrays and Strings

7 topics

Arrays

Fixed-size arrays in C++

Multidimensional Arrays

2D and 3D arrays

C-Style Strings

Character arrays and string functions

std::string

C++ string class

String Operations

Common string manipulations

std::array

Fixed-size array container

std::string_view (C++17)

Non-owning string reference

Pointers and Memory Management

10 topics

Pointer Basics

Understanding pointers and addresses

Pointer Arithmetic

Navigating memory with pointers

Pointers and Arrays

Relationship between pointers and arrays

Dynamic Memory Allocation

new and delete operators

Memory Leaks

Detecting and preventing memory leaks

Smart Pointers

unique_ptr, shared_ptr, weak_ptr

RAII Pattern

Resource Acquisition Is Initialization

Move Semantics

Rvalue references and std::move

Perfect Forwarding

std::forward and universal references

C++ Memory Model

Stack vs heap, memory layout

Object-Oriented Programming

12 topics

Classes and Objects

Defining classes and creating objects

Access Specifiers

public, private, and protected

Constructors

Default, parameterized, and copy constructors

Destructors

Cleanup and resource deallocation

this Pointer

Self-reference in member functions

Static Members

Class-level variables and methods

Friend Functions and Classes

Breaking encapsulation when needed

Operator Overloading

Custom operators for classes

Inheritance

Code reuse through inheritance

Polymorphism

Virtual functions and runtime polymorphism

Abstract Classes

Pure virtual functions and interfaces

Multiple Inheritance

Inheriting from multiple classes

Standard Template Library (STL)

14 topics

STL Overview

Introduction to containers, iterators, algorithms

std::vector

Dynamic array container

std::list

Doubly linked list

std::deque

Double-ended queue

std::stack and std::queue

Container adapters

std::priority_queue

Heap-based priority queue

std::set and std::multiset

Ordered unique/duplicate elements

std::map and std::multimap

Ordered key-value pairs

Unordered Containers

Hash-based set and map

Iterators

Iterator types and usage

STL Algorithms

sort, find, transform, etc.

std::pair and std::tuple

Grouping multiple values

std::optional and std::variant

C++17 value wrappers

Ranges (C++20)

Modern range-based algorithms

Templates

8 topics

Function Templates

Generic functions

Class Templates

Generic classes

Template Specialization

Partial and full specialization

Variadic Templates

Templates with variable arguments

SFINAE

Substitution Failure Is Not An Error

Concepts (C++20)

Constraining templates

Type Traits

Compile-time type information

constexpr and Compile-Time Computation

Compile-time evaluation

Exception Handling

6 topics

Try-Catch Blocks

Basic exception handling

Throwing Exceptions

throw keyword and exception types

Standard Exceptions

std::exception hierarchy

Custom Exceptions

Creating your own exception classes

Exception Safety

Exception guarantees and RAII

noexcept Specifier

Marking functions as non-throwing

File I/O

5 topics

File Streams

ifstream, ofstream, fstream

Reading Files

Reading text and binary files

Writing Files

Writing text and binary data

File Positioning

seekg, seekp, tellg, tellp

std::filesystem (C++17)

Path and directory operations

Concurrency

10 topics

std::thread

Creating and managing threads

Mutexes

std::mutex and lock guards

Condition Variables

Thread coordination

Atomic Operations

std::atomic for lock-free programming

Futures and Promises

Asynchronous results

std::async

Easy asynchronous execution

Thread Pools

Managing thread resources

Deadlock Prevention

Avoiding and detecting deadlocks

Memory Ordering

Memory order semantics

Coroutines (C++20)

Cooperative multitasking

Modern C++ Features

8 topics

C++11 Features

auto, range-for, nullptr, lambdas

C++14 Features

Generic lambdas, variable templates

C++17 Features

Structured bindings, if constexpr

C++20 Features

Concepts, ranges, modules

C++23 Features

Latest additions to C++

C++ Best Practices

Guidelines for modern C++ code

C++ Core Guidelines

Official guidelines from experts

Common Pitfalls

Avoiding common C++ mistakes

💡 Interview Focus

Topics marked with 💼 in the sidebar are frequently asked in technical interviews. Make sure to pay special attention to these concepts for your interview preparation.